Livestock Nutrition: Proper Feeding for Bitches from Gestation to Weaning

In breeding, feeding is not a matter of comfort: it is a direct investment in the vitality of the litter. A poorly nourished dam produces weaker puppies and her own health deteriorates. At peak lactation, her needs can reach two to four times her maintenance needs.

Before Mating: Preparing the Ground

The bitch's body condition at the time of mating determines everything that follows. Too thin, she will struggle to carry her pregnancy; overweight, she presents a higher risk of difficult whelping. Aim for an ideal body condition score from the moment of mating — this is the time to stabilize a quality diet, not to change it.

Gestation: Patience then Ramping Up

Contrary to popular belief, you should not increase the ration from the beginning. During the first five weeks, fetal development is minimal, and overfeeding only makes the mother gain weight. The shift occurs from the 5th-6th week:

• Gradual increase in the ration up to approximately +25 to +50% by the end of gestation;
• Transition to a more concentrated and digestible food, often a puppy / high-energy food;
• Fractioning meals at the end of gestation: the uterus compresses the stomach, so several small meals are better than one large one.

Lactation: The Real Peak of Needs

This is where it all happens. A bitch nursing a large litter has colossal energy needs, peaking around the 3rd-4th week. Underfeeding at this stage means drawing on the mother's reserves and compromising milk production.

• Ad libitum feeding is most often recommended, with a very concentrated food;
• Maintain the puppy / high-energy food used at the end of gestation;
• Fresh water constantly available: milk production depends directly on it;
• Monitor the mother's weight and the daily growth of the puppies.

Starting and Weaning Puppies

Around 3 to 4 weeks, puppies become interested in solid food. A weaning gruel is introduced: puppy kibble softened with warm water, gradually less hydrated. Weaning extends up to 6-8 weeks by gradually reducing access to the mother.

Practical Guidelines for Breeding

• Do not change food brands in the middle of a cycle: digestive stability is paramount;
• Anticipate volumes — a large litter consumes quickly, it's better to have stock in advance;
• Weigh the mother and puppies regularly: numbers don't lie;
• In case of a very large litter or a tired mother, plan for substitute milk replacer as a backup.